NSC 9256

NSC 9256 - Names and Identifiers

Name	Mannitol
Synonyms	Maitol hexitol NSC 9256 Mannitol MANNITOL AI3-19511 CB4720971 D-Mannitol L-altritol DL-Mannitol MANNITOL USP Mannidex 16700 D-(-)-Mannitol Hexahydroxyhexane
CAS	87-78-5 69-65-8
EINECS	201-770-2
InChI	InChI=1/C6H14O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h3-12H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6+/m0/s1

NSC 9256 - Physico-chemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C6H14O6
Molar Mass	182.17
Density	1.596
Melting Point	167°C
Boling Point	494.9°C
Specific Rotation(α)	141 o (C= USP-DIRECTIVES)
Flash Point	292.6°C
Water Solubility	177.3g/L(25 ºC)
Solubility	Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Vapor Presure	7.22E-12mmHg at 25°C
Appearance	White needle crystal
pKa	pKa 13.50(H2O,t =18)(Approximate)
Storage Condition	Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
Sensitive	Easily absorbing moisture
Refractive Index	1.5970 (estimate)
MDL	MFCD00064287
Physical and Chemical Properties	Density 1.52 melting point 167-170°C boiling point 295°C specific optical rotation 141 ° (c = USP-directives) water-soluble soluble properties mannitol is a six-membered alcohol, white needle-like crystal, taste like glucose soluble in water and hot methanol, ethanol, insoluble in ether
Use	Used as analytical reagents, but also for the synthesis of resins and drugs

NSC 9256 - Risk and Safety

Safety Description	S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
HS Code	29054300

NSC 9256 - Upstream Downstream Industry

Raw Materials

Dextrose Anhydrate
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid

NSC 9256 - Reference

Reference

1. Jiang Yong-hong, Zhang Xiao-Feng, Han Ping, et al. Optimization of extraction and determination of cordycepic acid in mycelial symbionts of Cordyceps militaris from coarse cereals [J]. Journal of Henan University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2017(1).
2. Liu Sha, Zhang Xiaojuan, Wang Wei, etc. Preliminary Study on the synthesis of active components of Cordyceps Snow Peak by liquid fermentation [J]. China Pharmacy, 2017, 28(022):3079-3083.
3. Zhang Zewen, Tan Jidan, Li Xiaohua, etc. Preliminary Study on Artificial culture conditions of Cordyceps cicadae [J]. Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2019, 036(007):12-14,28.
4. Li Min, Peng Xiaochen, Yang Sassa. Study on molding process and preliminary evaluation of Chinese Medicine compound granules of qinggan antipyretic prescription [J]. West China Pharmaceutical Journal, 2019, v.34(06):22-25.
5. Yang Yongchao, Wang Zhongyuan, Yang Xiaozhen, etc. Cloning and functional analysis of ClP5CS gene from watermelon [J]. Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry (Natural Science Edition), 2018, v.46;No.337(10):95-106.
6. Li Biao, Li Chengjie, Chen Shuangyang, et al. Optimization of cooking technology and non-volatile characteristic flavor compounds of mushroom soup [J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 36(1).
7. Tian Lei, Li Enyuan, Guan Tongwei, Tang Shukun, Liu Xiaofei, Zhang Xiaoping. Diversity and screening of functional enzymes and antibacterial activity of culturable halophilic bacteria in Aiding Lake [J]. Microbiology, 2017,44(11):2575-2587.
8. Ma Ning, Wang Chao-yi, Fang Dong Road, etc. Flavor variation of Flammulina velutipes packaged with polyethylene film during cold storage [J]. China Agricultural Science, 2019, 52(08):146-159.
9. Chen Weizhu, Jin Wenhui, Zhang Yi, Chen Hui, Hong Zhu. Determination of mannitol in kelp by ion chromatography [J]. Journal of Food Safety and quality testing, 2021,12(03):914-918.
10. Fei Li. Study on the pathway of rare ginsenoside transformation by Cordyceps fungi and the screening and mechanism of lipid-lowering saponins [D]. Shenyang Agricultural University, 2021.
11. Zhang Cong. Effects of endogenous sphingosine metabolites on rat retinal microvascular endothelial cells [J]. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 2020.
12. Liu Xinye, Li Yunshu, Ma Qi, Wu Zijian, Xu Huaide, Li Mei. Effects of different drying methods on taste components of pleurotus eryngii [J]. Food Research and Development, 2020,41(16):8-13.
13. Xin, Xiao Feng, et al. "Mechanism of essential mucosal barrier function in a rat model of chronic pulmonary disease: An observational study." Experimental and therapeutic medicine 12.3 (2016): 1331-1336.https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3493
14. Li, X., Guo, Y., Zhuang, Y., Qin, Y. and Sun, L. (2018), Nonvolatile taste components, nutritional values, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of three wild Chanterelle mushrooms. Int J Food Sci Technol, 53: 1855-1864. https://doi.org/10.1111/ij
15. [IF=4.451] Yang Yang et al."Deciphering the multicomponent synergy mechanism from a systems pharmacology perspective: Application to Gualou Xiebai Decoction for coronary heart disease."J Funct Foods. 2018 Aug;47:143
16. [IF=7.46] Xiaofeng Nie et al."High-throughput dielectrophoretic cell sorting assisted by cell sliding on scalable electrode tracks made of conducting-PDMS."Sensor Actuat B- Chem. 2021 Jan;327:128873
17. [IF=6.4] Yue Sun et al."Primary Studies on Construction and Evaluation of Ion-Sensitive in situ Gel Loaded with Paeonol-Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Intranasal Drug Delivery."Int J Nanomed. 2020; 15: 3137-3160
18. [IF=6.321] Xuemei Wen et al."Preparation and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of Orally Disintegrating/Modified-Release Praziquantel Tablets."Pharmaceutics. 2021 Oct;13(10):1567
19. [IF=5.537] Feng Wang et al."Roles of antioxidant capacity and energy metabolism in the maturity-dependent chilling tolerance of postharvest kiwifruit."Postharvest Biol Tec. 2020 Oct;168:111281
20. [IF=5.396] Han Liu et al."Astaxanthin attenuates D-galactose-induced brain aging in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and regulating metabolic markers."Food Funct. 2020 May;11(5):4103-4113
21. [IF=4.616] Zhongle Zhang et al."A one-step molded microfluidic chip featuring a two-layer silver-PDMS microelectrode for dielectrophoretic cell separation."Analyst. 2020 Aug;145(16):5603-5614
22. [IF=4.411] Zhixin Wang et al."Rapid Characterization of Chemical Components in Edible Mushroom Sparassis crispa by UPLC-Orbitrap MS Analysis and Potential Inhibitory Effects on Allergic Rhinitis."Molecules. 2019 Jan;24(16):3014
23. [IF=4.142] Wang Chenxi et al."Systematic quality evaluation of Peiyuan Tongnao capsule by offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography/quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry and adjusted parallel reaction monitoring of quality markers."Anal Bioanal Chem. 2019 Nov;4
24. [IF=3.215] Sun Peng et al."The role and mechanism of abscisic acid in mitigating the adverse impacts of high temperature in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis."J Appl Phycol. 2022 Mar;:1-15
25. [IF=4.35] Lijuan Chen et al."Study on the Preparation, Characterization, and Stability of Freeze-Dried Curcumin-Loaded Cochleates."Foods. 2022 Jan;11(5):710
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27. [IF=5.89] Yuanyuan Jin et al."Preparation and Evaluation of Liposomes and Niosomes Containing Total Ginsenosides for Anti-Photoaging Therapy."Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2022; 10: 874827

NSC 9256 - Nature

Open Data Verified Data

colorless or white crystalline powder. The melting point is 166 ° C., the relative density is 1. 489, the boiling point is 290-295 ° C./3.5mmHg, and the specific optical rotation is +23. ~ +24.. Soluble in hot water, 5. 5ml boiling water can dissolve lg D-mannitol, soluble in ethanol, pyridine and aniline, no hygroscopicity, its sweetness is equivalent to 70% of sucrose, mannitol is soluble in water to absorb a lot of heat, when eating a cool taste. It is stable in sterile solution and is not easily oxidized by oxygen in air.
This product is polyol sugar, 07% aqueous solution and serum osmotic pressure is equal. Its hypertonic solution has a dehydrating and diuretic effect. It is rarely absorbed in the intestine after oral administration. Intravenous injection is mainly distributed in the extracellular fluid. In the body only a small part of the liver into glycogen, most unchanged and excreted from the urine. Intravenous injection or intravenous drip 10 minutes began to have diuretic effect, 2~3 hours to reach the peak, maintain 6~8 hours. Dehydration reduced intracranial pressure within 15 minutes, lasting 3 to 8 hours, reducing intraocular pressure 30 to 60 minutes, lasting 4 to 6 hours. In nature, mannitol widely exists in all kinds of plants. The content of mannitol is as high as 30% ~ so% in the sap of Fraxinus luteinidae, and it is also contained in edible fungi, lichens, carrots and so on. The content of mannitol in seaweed and kelp was higher, and the content of mannitol in the washing liquid washed by seaweed was up to 2%, and the washing liquid of kelp was about 1.5%.

Last Update：2025-06-10 22:55:16

NSC 9256 - Preparation Method

Open Data Verified Data

prepared by electrolytic reduction or catalytic reduction of glucose or sucrose solution. Or extracted from kelp, seaweed.

Last Update：2022-01-01 10:10:23

NSC 9256 - Standard

Authoritative Data Verified Data

This product is D-mannitol. The content of C6H1406 shall be between 98.0% and 102.0% based on the dry product.

Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35

NSC 9256 - Trait

Authoritative Data Verified Data

This product is white crystal or crystalline powder; Odorless.
This product is soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, almost insoluble in ether.

melting point

The melting point of this product (General 0612) is 166~1701.

specific rotation

take this product about lg, precision weighing, put 100ml measuring flask, add ammonium molybdate solution (l-10)40ml, then add 0.5mol/L sulfuric acid solution 20ml, diluted with water to the scale, shake, measured at 25°C according to law (General 0621), specific rotation of 137 ° to 145 °.

Last Update：2022-01-01 11:34:32

NSC 9256 - Application

Open Data Verified Data

sweeteners, nutritional supplements, quality improvers, anti-stick agents, etc. With low calorie, low sweetness, can be used instead of sugar for diabetes, obesity patients with special food, but also chewing gum and xingjiu medicine additives.

Last Update：2025-08-19 16:24:40

NSC 9256 - Differential diagnosis

Authoritative Data Verified Data

take 1 ml of the saturated aqueous solution of this product, add 0.5ml of ferric chloride solution and sodium hydroxide solution respectively, which will generate Brown yellow precipitate, which will not disappear by shaking; Add excess sodium hydroxide solution Dropwise, dissolution into brown solution.
The infrared absorption spectrum of this product should be consistent with that of the control (Spectrum set 1238).

Last Update：2022-01-01 11:34:33

NSC 9256 - Safety

Open Data Verified Data

oral LD50 was 22000mg/kg in mice and 17300mg/kg in rats.

Last Update：2022-01-01 10:34:50

NSC 9256 - Exam

Authoritative Data Verified Data

acidity

Take 5.0g of this product, add 50ml of water to dissolve, add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution and 0.02 ml of sodium hydroxide titration solution (0.30 mol/L), which should be pink.

clarity and color of solution

take 1.5g of this product, Add 10ml of water to dissolve, the solution should be clear and colorless; If it is turbid, it should not be more concentrated compared with No. 1 turbidity standard solution (General rule 0902 first method).

Related substances

take this product, add water to dissolve and dilute to make a solution containing 50mg per lml as a test solution; Take lml for precision measurement, put it in a 100ml measuring flask, dilute it with water to the scale, as a control solution; Another mannitol and sorbitol each 0.5G, put in a 100ml measuring flask, add water to dissolve and dilute to the scale, as a system applicable solution. According to the high performance liquid chromatography (General 0512) test, a strong cation calcium type exchange column (or a column with equivalent separation efficiency) with sulfonated crosslinked styrene divinylbenzene copolymer as the filler, and water as the mobile phase, the flow rate was 0.5ml per minute, the column temperature was 80°C, the refractive index detector, and the detection temperature was 55°C. The system applicable solution 20u1 was injected into the liquid chromatograph, and the chromatogram was recorded. The resolution between the mannitol peak and the sorbitol peak should be greater than 2.0. 20ul of the test solution and the control solution were respectively injected into the human liquid chromatograph, and the chromatogram was recorded to 2 times of the retention time of the main component peak. If there are impurity peaks in the chromatogram of the test solution, the sum of each impurity peak area shall not be more than 2 times (2.0%) of the main peak area of the control solution. The chromatogram of the test solution is 0.05 times smaller than the main peak area of the control solution.

reducing sugar

Take 5.0g of this product, put it in an Erlenmeyer flask, add 25ml of water to dissolve, add copper citrate solution (take 25g of copper sulfate, 50g of citric acid and 114g of anhydrous sodium carbonate, add 1000ml of water to dissolve, 20ml, heated to boiling, keep boiling for 3 minutes, quickly cool, add 2.4%(V/V) glacial acetic acid solution 0.025 ml and 20.0 mol/L Iodine titration solution ml, shake well, add 6%(V/V) hydrochloric acid solution 25ml (precipitate should be completely dissolved. If there is any precipitate, continue to add the hydrochloric acid solution until the precipitate is completely dissolved), titrate with sodium thiosulfate titration solution (0.05mol/L), and add 1 ml of starch indicator solution near the end point, titration was continued until the blue color disappeared. The volume of sodium thiosulfate titrant (0.05mol/L) consumed shall not be less than 12.8.

chloride

take 2.0g of this product and check it according to law (General rule 0801). Compared with the control solution made of 6.0ml of standard gasification sodium solution, it should not be more concentrated (0.003%).

sulfate

take 2.0g of this product and check it according to law (General rule 0802). Compared with the control solution made of 0.01% of standard potassium sulfate solution, it should not be more concentrated ().

oxalate

take this product l. Add 3 drops of ammonia test solution and 1 ml of gasified calcium test solution, shake well, heat in water bath for 15 minutes, then take out and cool; if turbidity occurs, and sodium oxalate solution [take sodium oxalate 0.1523g, put in 1000ml measuring flask, add water to dissolve and dilute to the scale, shake, each lml is equivalent to 0.1 mg of oxalate (C204)] 0.02% ml of control solution prepared by the same method should not be more concentrated ().

loss on drying

take this product, dry to constant weight at 105°C, weight loss shall not exceed 0.5% (General rule 0831).

ignition residue

not more than 0.1% (General rule 0841).

Heavy metals

take 2.0g of this product, add 23ml of water to dissolve, add 2ml of acetate buffer (pH 3.5), and check according to law (General rule 0821 first law), containing heavy metals shall not exceed 10 parts per million.

arsenic salt

take this product l. Add 10ml of water to dissolve, add 5ml of dilute sulfuric acid and 0.5ml of potassium bromide bromide solution, and heat on a water bath for 20 minutes, keep a slight excess of bromine (if necessary, add potassium bromide bromide solution Dropwise), and add the water of evaporation at any time, cool, add hydrochloric acid 5ml and water to make 28ml, inspection according to law (General Principles 0822 first law), shall comply with the provisions (0.0002%).

Last Update：2022-01-01 11:34:34

NSC 9256 - Content determination

Authoritative Data Verified Data

take about 0.2g of this product, accurately weigh, put it in a 250ml measuring flask, add water to dissolve and dilute to the scale, shake well; Take 10ml of precision, put it in an iodine bottle, precision Add Sodium periodate solution [take sulfuric acid solution (l-20)90ml and Sodium periodate solution (2.3-1000) 110ml mixed] 50ml, put water bath heating for 15 minutes, let cool, add potassium iodide test solution 10ml, after 5 minutes, add lml of starch indicator solution to the end point and continue titration until the blue color disappears, the results of the titration were corrected by a blank test. Each 1 ml of sodium thiosulfate titration solution (0.05mol/L) is equivalent to 0.9109mg of C6H1406.

Last Update：2022-01-01 11:34:35

NSC 9256 - Category

Authoritative Data Verified Data

dehydration drugs.

Last Update：2022-01-01 11:34:35

NSC 9256 - Storage

Authoritative Data Verified Data

light shielding, sealed storage.

Last Update：2022-01-01 11:34:35

NSC 9256 - MannitolInjectionhan

Authoritative Data Verified Data

This product is a sterile aqueous solution of mannitol. Containing Mannitol (C6H1406) shall be between 95.0% and 105.0% of the labeled amount.

trait

This product is a clear colorless liquid.

identification

1 ml of this product was taken as the identification test (1) under the item of mannitol, showing the same reaction.
in the chromatogram recorded under the content determination, the retention time of the main peak of the test solution should be consistent with the retention time of the main peak of the control solution.

examination

the pH value should be 4.5 to 6.5 (General 0631).
bacterial endotoxin this product, according to the law to check (General 1143), each lg of mannitol containing endotoxin should be less than 1.25EU.
others should comply with the relevant provisions under injection (General 0102).

Content determination

The measurement was performed according to a high-potency liquid phase measurement method (General 0512).
chromatographic conditions and system suitability test a strong cation calcium exchange column (or column with equivalent separation efficiency) with sulfonated crosslinked styrene divinylbenzene copolymer as filler, with water as mobile phase, the flow rate was 0.5ml per minute, the column temperature was 80°C, and the detection temperature was 55°C. In addition, 0.5g of mannitol and g of sorbitol were taken and placed in a 100ml measuring flask, add water to dissolve and dilute to the scale, shake, take 20u1 injection human liquid chromatography, record the chromatogram, the separation degree between mannitol and sorbitol chromatographic peaks should be greater than 2.0.
determination of precision take an appropriate amount of this product (equivalent to about 5g of mannitol), add water to dissolve and quantitatively dilute to prepare a solution containing 5mg per 1 ml as a test solution, accurate measurement of 20u1 injection liquid chromatograph, record chromatogram; Another mannitol reference substance, the same method for determination. According to the external standard method to calculate the peak area, that is.

specification

20ml : 4g
50ml : 10g
100ml : 20g
250ml : 50g
500ml : lOOg
3000ml : 150g

storage

light shielding, closed storage.

Last Update：2022-01-01 11:34:36

NSC 9256 - Reference Information

EPA chemical substance information	information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link)
brown algae extract	mannitol, also known as mannitol, is a six-carbon polyol extracted from brown algae cells, there are two configurations of D and L. The L configuration is a synthetic product and does not exist in nature. The D configuration is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. In particular, the content of marine brown algae is very high, mannitol is a storage substance in brown algae cells, kelp and other large brown algae are the main raw materials for the production of mannitol. The mannitol extracted from Laminaria japonica and synthesized with niacin has obvious effect on relieving angina pectoris and has good effect on hyperlipidemia. Can treat high cholesterol, high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis and other conditions. Mannitol is also a dehydrating agent, can be used in medical treatment. When a 20% solution thereof is injected into a vein, since it is rarely decomposed in the body, the temporary blood osmotic pressure is increased to allow water in the tissue to enter the blood, thereby reducing edema of the tissue. When mannitol is filtered from the glomerulus, it is not easily reabsorbed in the renal tubules, so that the osmotic pressure of the original urine in the renal tubules is increased, and a large amount of water is brought out to play a diuretic effect.
suitable sweetness	The sweetness is 0.55-0.65 times that of sucrose
low caloric value	energy is only 1.6 kcal/g, 40% of sucrose
Non-hygroscopic	the only one of the six-membered sugar alcohols that is not easy to absorb moisture
stable	no chemical or physical reaction with any medicinal component
delayed calcium phosphate precipitation	added to anti-caries chewing gum, help the body's absorption of calcium
sorbitol and mannitol	mannitol is an isomer of sorbitol, the molecular formula and molecular weight are the same as sorbitol, but mannitol was not hygroscopic at all. The sweetness of mannitol is 70% of that of sucrose. The body can absorb, part of the metabolism, part of the discharge from the urine. Mannitol is mainly used in medicine and food, can be used as food additives, sugar-free sweet food, feed additives. sorbitol is used as a recognized safe substance (GRAS) in the United States, and the FAO/WHO Organization decided in 1982 that its maximum allowable intake ADI value should not be specified. S. FDA regulations on food labels must indicate that the daily intake of not more than 50g, and marked "excessive intake may lead to Diarrhea" as a warning. For mannitol, its ADI value was set at 50mg/kg by FAO/WHO in 1984. Mannitol is a food sweetener permitted in the United States, but it must be indicated on food labels that the daily intake should not exceed 20g, and that "excessive intake may cause Diarrhea" is a warning. Sorbitol is mostly absorbed and utilized in the human body, and only a portion of mannitol is utilized. Metabolic pathways for sorbitol and mannitol to be absorbed include oxidation to the corresponding ketose or aldose, or phosphorylation to polyhydroxy-1-phosphate, such as D-glucose? Sorbitol? D-fructose. However, the phosphorylation of sugar alcohols is only present in microorganisms. sorbitol has good hygroscopicity, which can keep certain moisture content of food to adjust the dry humidity of food. The use of sorbitol moisture absorption and moisture retention, used in food to prevent food drying, aging, extend the shelf life of products. However, sorbitol is not suitable for use in brittle and crisp foods. In addition, when sorbitol coexists with other sugar alcohols, there will be an increase in wet multiplication. Due to the strong moisture retention of sorbitol, can effectively prevent the crystallization of sugar, salt and other precipitation, can maintain the sweet, sour, bitter taste intensity balance and increase food flavor, and sorbitol belongs to non-volatile polyol, so it also plays a role in maintaining the aroma of food. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of sorbitol, mannitol and their corresponding monosaccharides.
sweetener	mannitol, also known as xylitol, is a hexanol that can be used as a diuretic or sweetener. Mannitol is a polyol (polyol) produced by the hydrogenation of fructose and used as a sweetener, humectant, and bulking agent. Low moisture absorption, poor oil resistance. It has 1.6 kcal/g. Its water solubility is about 22%, and its sweetness is about 72% of that of sugar, which has a cool sweet taste. Together with the starch in the chewing gum, it has a dedusting effect. It is used for sugar-free candy, chewing gum, cereal, and mints.
pharmacological effects	mannitol is a monosaccharide, which is not metabolized in the body and has low ability of transmembrane transport, dehydration and diuresis are produced by increasing plasma osmolality and urine osmolality. (1) tissue dehydration: the injection of this product into the blood can increase the osmotic pressure of plasma, resulting in tissue (including eyes, brain, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.), thereby reducing tissue edema, reducing intraocular pressure, intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid volume and its pressure. Mannitol 1G can produce osmotic concentration of 5.5mmol/L, injection of mannitol 100g can make 2L intracellular water transfer to the extracellular, urinary sodium excretion 50g. (2) diuretic effect: ① mannitol increases blood volume and promotes prostaglandin I2 secretion, thereby dilating renal blood vessels and increasing renal blood flow including renal medullary blood flow. Glomerular inflow small artery dilatation, glomerular capillary pressure increased, cortical glomerular filtration rate increased. ② this product is rarely (<10%) reabsorbed by renal tubules after glomerular filtration, so it can increase the osmotic concentration of renal tubular fluid, reduce the effect of renal tubules on water and Na +, Cl-, K +, reabsorption of Ca2 +, Mg2 + and other solutes. Water and Na + passing through the proximal tubule only increased by 10% ~ 20% and 4%~ 5% respectively after the application of large dose of mannitol; the water and Na + reaching the distal tubule increased by 40% and 25%, respectively, suggesting that the reabsorption of water by the Hounsfield loop and the reduction of Na + play an important role in the diuretic effect of mannitol. This may be due to increased renal medullary blood flow and increased loss of urea and Na + in the medulla, thus destroying the difference in osmotic gradient of the medulla. (3) detoxification effect: due to the increase of Glomerular and tubular fluid flow after mannitol infusion, when certain drugs and poisons are poisoned, the concentration of these substances in the renal tubules decreases, the renal toxicity is reduced, and the renal excretion is accelerated.
Clinical application	clinically used for the Prevention of cerebral hernia, treatment of brain tumors, head trauma, brain hypoxia caused by brain edema and increased intracranial pressure, to reduce intracranial pressure safe and effective drug of choice. Clinical reports, mannitol, sodium bicarbonate, dextran 40 and vitamin E combined treatment of acute cerebral infarction, achieved remarkable results. Due to dehydration of the anterior chamber of the eye, it is also clinically used to treat elevated intraocular pressure in glaucoma. As osmotic diuretics can also be applied to the prevention of hypoxia, hemolysis, toxins and other causes induced by acute renal failure, acute Oliguria. In addition, it can also be used clinically for the treatment of barbiturates, salicylic acids or other drugs excreted mainly from urine, and promote their excretion from the body through diuretic action. For cleaning the intestinal tract, with rapid, safe, convenient, there is no sodium and water absorption problem, can be used for gastrointestinal dialysis; With its treatment of chronic renal failure should be matched with the right amount of potassium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, bicarbonate; This drug can be used for the treatment of liver cirrhosis gastrointestinal bleeding, prevention of hepatic coma; Can also be used for the treatment of intestinal obstruction and biliary colic, with appropriate amounts of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, oral or gastric tube injection.
adverse reactions	① transient Head Pain, dizziness, Nausea, Vomit, blurred vision, confusion and other reactions may occur during hyperfast infusion, may be due to dehydration too fast, increased blood volume, caused by elevated blood pressure. ② continuous high-dose application can cause hyperosmolar nephropathy, patients with urine volume reduced or reached Oliguria degree, can appear edema, hyperosmolar Coma and other symptoms, renal biopsy can be found in renal tubular epithelial swelling. ③ injection of hypertonic mannitol can cause phlebitis, local redness, swelling and pain, and leakage at the injection site can cause local skin necrosis. (4) the application of the drug can lead to diuresis, dehydration and sodium loss, and cause water and electrolyte disorders. Clinical manifestations of muscle weakness, mobility, hands and feet numbness, muscle spasm. (5) after injection, the patient may have thirst, occasional intolerance of cold and back pain.
application field	1. Food mannitol is one of the commonly used sugar alcohol sugar substitutes, which is commonly used in sugarless chewing gum ingredients. Mannitol is the least water-absorbing sugar alcohol, can be used in food anti-stick powder. China's health standards for the use of food additives GB 2760-2007, can be used for sugar-free chewing gum, the maximum amount of 200g/kg. The ADI value, which was confirmed by ecifa, was 0 to 50mg/(kg body weight · d). The maximum amount of mannitol used in various foods is as follows: 98% of mints, 40% of soft candy, 5% of Hard Candy, 8% of preserved fruit and ice cream, 5% of cough suppressant sugar, 15% of jam jelly, 31% of gum sugar, other foods 2.5%. Mannitol is listed in the United States Pharmacopeia, natural medicines, and in the pharmacopeia of countries around the world, including the Food Chemistry Manual (FEC). 2. Medicine as a large infusion of injection, for lowering cerebral pressure, intraocular pressure, eliminating cerebral edema; As a diuretic; Renal function and intestinal examination; Oliguria and renal failure caused by edema and burn, mannitol infusion has a certain effect; And amino acid compound infusion. Because of its good compression properties, it has become an excellent excipient in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, mannitol nitrogen mustard and mannitol bis-methanesulfonic acid synthesized from mannitol as raw materials were used as antitumor drugs, which were suitable for chronic leukemia and the like. 3. Chemical mannitol is esterified and etherified to produce various resins and surfactants. Mannitol ester can be used as polyvinyl chloride plasticizer; And epoxy propane polymerization of Polyether as the base material of polyurethane rigid foam, can be used for thermal insulation, sound insulation, moisture proof material.
Use	dehydrating and diuretic drugs. Treatment of cerebral edema and glaucoma, acute Oliguria, prevention of acute renal failure, treatment of nephrotic syndrome edema. Note: active intracranial hemorrhage injection (except craniotomy). used as analytical reagents, but also for the synthesis of resins and drugs;? It is widely used in the manufacture of chewable tablets such as refreshing drugs and mouth cooling agents, and its granule type is specially used as an excipient for direct compression.
production method	Method 1: soaking, alkali refining and acidification by extraction, put about 2-3T tap water in the algae washing pool, after 120kg of seaweed was added to the algae to expand, mannitol on the seaweed was carefully washed into water, and the washed seaweed was used for extraction of sodium alginate. Wash the second batch of seaweed, so about four batches. Add 300g/L(30%) sodium hydroxide solution to the above washing solution for Ph10-11 and let stand for 8H until the Fucoidan solution, starch and other organic stickies are fully coagulated and precipitated. The supernatant was siphered, acidified with sulfuric acid (1:1), adjusted to pH6-7, and the gel was further removed to obtain a neutral supernatant. Seaweed or kelp [tap water] → lotion [NaOH]→[pH10-11, 8h] supernatant [H2SO4]→[pH6-7] neutral clear liquid concentration, alcohol wash the above neutral clear liquid is heated to boiling evaporation by direct fire or steam, temperature 110-115 ℃, a large amount of sodium chloride is precipitated, and the salt and glue dirt are continuously removed until they are concentrated, and small samples are poured onto the ground, slight cooling should be solidified, then discharge, containing more than 30% mannitol, water content of about 10%. Cool the concentrate to 60-70 °c, add 95% ethanol (2:1) while hot, stir constantly, gradually cool to room temperature, and then spin dry to remove the colloid by centrifugation to obtain gray-white loose substance. Neutral clear liquid [110-115 ℃]→ concentrated liquid [ethanol] →[60-70 ℃] loose matter extraction weigh loose matter, put into extraction pan with reflux condenser tube, add 8 times of 94% ethanol, the mixture was stirred, heated slowly, boiled and refluxed for 30min, cooled in running water for 8H, left overnight, centrifuged and dried to obtain white loose crude mannitol, containing 70%-80% mannitol. The same operation, ethanol recrystallization 1 times, industrial mannitol, content of more than 90%, Cl-content of <0.5%. Crude mannitol refined from loose material [94% ethanol] → [reflux for 30min, cooling for 8h] industrial mannitol and distilled water were heated and dissolved, and then 1/10-1/8 medicinal activated carbon was added and stirred continuously, 80 ° C for half an hour, while hot filtration, a small amount of water washing activated carbon 2 times, combined washing filtrate, concentrated to mannitol up to 70%, if there is turbidity, re-filtration. Cooling to room temperature with stirring, crystallization, Suction filtration, washing crystals, Suction filtration as to obtain crystalline mannitol. Crude mannitol [distilled water, activated carbon] →[80 ℃, 30min] concentrated filtrate → crystalline mannitol the above crystalline mannitol was dried, after Cl-was qualified (Cl-<0.007%), it is dried with steam at 105-110 ° C., often tumbled, and taken out for 4H, which is a medicinal mannitol product. 98%-102%, melting point 166-168 ℃,[α]20D +23 °-+24 ° crystalline mannitol [105-110 ℃, 4h]→ preparation of pharmaceutical mannitol finished product injection mannitol finished product is dissolved in water solution for injection according to dose, and is MannitolInjectionhan after sterilization and so on. Mannitol finished product [water for injection] → MannitolInjectionhan Method II. Direct fermentation breeding strain the aspogilus Oryzae3.409 strain was transplanted into a test tube containing 10ml of slant culture medium (2.1% Agar was added to wort) and cultured at 31 ° C. For 4 days. The strain of inclined surface was obtained. The strain is preserved by low-temperature preservation method, and the inclined surface strain is stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ for 2-3 months for passage. Before use, it is necessary to re-transfer the culture and activation to ensure fermentation. Seed culture of the strain at 31 ℃ (4d). Two slant of the strain wort cultured for 4 days were transplanted into 17.5L seed culture medium. Preparation of seed culture medium: sodium nitrate 0.3%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1%, magnesium sulfate 0.05%, potassium chloride 0.05%, ferrous sulfate 0.001%, corn steep liquor 0.5%, starch hydrolyzed sugar 2%, corn meal 2%, early pH6-7. The seed culture medium was obtained by Aeration of 1:0.5V/(V · min), temperature of 31 ℃ ± 1 ℃, stirring of 350r/min, and tank pressure of 98.1kPa(1kgf/cm2) for 20-24h. The preparation of the fermentation medium of the inclined surface strain [seed medium] →[pH6-7, 31 ℃, 20-24h] Seed culture solution: sodium nitrate 0.3%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1%, magnesium sulfate 0.05%, ferrous sulfate 0.001%, corn steep liquor 3%, corn flour 3.5%, starch hydrolyzed sugar 12.5%, early pH6-7. Take 350L fermentation medium into 600L fermenter, steam sterilize with 146.15kPa (1.5kgf/cm2) for 30min, transfer into the seed culture solution, inoculate with 5%, the tank pressure was 98.1kPa (1kgf/cm2), and the ventilation volume was 1:0.3V/(V · min), which was changed to 1:0.4V/(V · min) after fermentation for 20H, temperature 30-32 deg C, stirring 230r/min, fermentation period 4-5d. To prevent foaming, 200ml of soybean oil was added at the time of dispensing. The obtained fermentation broth contained more than 5% mannitol, and the conversion rate was 40%. Seed culture medium [steam] →[pH6-7, 30-32 ℃, 4-5d] fermentation broth coagulation protein, concentration, crystallization, decolorization, desalting fermentation broth heated 100 ℃,5min, add 1% activated carbon 80-85 ℃,30min, filtration or spin drying, to clear liquid. The clear filtrate was then concentrated to 31 ° Be at 50-60 °c in vacuo, left at room temperature for 24h, and spin-dried to give mannitol crystals. The crystals were dissolved in 0.7 times water, activated carbon 2%,70 deg C heating 30min decolorization, filtration. The filtrate was desalted through a 2:1 mixed bed resin of 717 strongly basic anion exchange resin (OH-type) and strongly acidic cation exchange resin (H + type), and the effluent was checked for no chloride ion reaction. Fermentation broth [1% activated carbon] →[100 ℃, 5min; 80-85 ℃, 30min] clarification filtrate [55-60 ℃]→ [reduced pressure] crude product [water, 2% activated carbon] →[70 ℃, 30min] filtrate [yin and yang mixed bed resin] → effluent concentration, crystallization, drying effluent vapor at 55-60 ℃,80kPa(600mmHg) the concentrate was concentrated to 25 ° Be under reduced pressure. The concentrate was allowed to cool to room temperature for 24h for crystallization, spin dried, dried at 105-110 ℃, and crushed to obtain a medicinal product with a yield of 60% and a content of 98.83%-100.9%. Effluent [55-60 ℃]→ [reduced pressure] concentrated solution [room temperature] →[24h] crystallization [105-110 ℃]→ crude drug preparation take appropriate amount of water for injection and heat it to about 90 ℃, mannitol was weighed at 20% content and dissolved. Activated Carbon was added to decolorize after heating in water bath for 5min. After the determination of the content and the pH are qualified, filter with G3 vertical melting glass filter ball to be clear, and pack it in ampoules or infusion bottles of 50ml, 100ml or 250ml, at 98.1kPa(1kgf/cm2). Hot Press Steam Sterilization 40min, MannitolInjectionhan. Original